However, the planning for various water uses within a building is increasingly becoming a high priority. This is due to a number of reasons, namely that new and existing water resources are becoming increasingly scarce in a number of regions throughout the country; per capita water consumption is increasing annually; water and sewer rates have increased dramatically over the last decade (1. In addition, there is the increasing recognition of the water, energy, and O& M savings that can be realized through the implementation of water saving initiatives. Within the federal sector alone it is estimated that expenditures for water and sewer services reach up to $1 billion annually. Further, it is estimated that through moderate gains in water efficiency the federal government could save as much as $2. Water savings at these levels, approximately 4. This water savings potential is enormous with relatively low cost expenditures. There are also significant energy cost savings associated with water efficiency measures. For example, federal facilities use approximately 6. Btu of energy annually to process and use water. Over ninety- eight percent of this energy is used for water heating, further illustrating that water conservation measures are an integral part of a facility's overall energy management plan. Free Construction Glossary and Home Building Terms. A general definition of water efficiency planning is as follows: Water efficiency is the planned management of water to prevent waste, overuse, and exploitation of the resource. Effective water efficiency planning seeks to . Water efficiency planning is a resource management practice that incorporates analysis of costs and uses of water; specification of water- saving solutions; installation of water- saving measures; and verification of savings to maximize the cost- effective use of water resources. Description. A. Water Conservation Strategies. 133419-3 VER: 02/11 METAL BUILDING SYSTEMS E. Cold-Formed Steel: Comply with AISI's 'North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members' for design requirements and allowable stresses.HVAC Duct Design Services. Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioning and Cooling System Design HVAC Duct Design Services firm is division of Hi-Tech Group - an ISO 9001:2000 Certified company. We provide HVAC duct designing and. Paul Butler Projects Paul Butler PO Box 896 Carlsborg WA 98324 Email: [email protected]. The projects represented by the pictures below were. There are a number of strategies that can be employed to reduce the amount of water consumed at a facility. In general terms, these methods include: System optimization (i. Water conservation measures; and. Water reuse/recycling systems. More specifically, a wide range of technologies and measures can be employed within each of these strategies to save water and associated energy consumption. These include: Water- efficient plumbing fixtures (ultra low- flow toilets and urinals, waterless urinals, low- flow and sensored sinks, low- flow showerheads, and water- efficient dishwashers and washing machines)Irrigation and landscaping measures (water- efficient irrigation systems, irrigation control systems, low- flow sprinkler heads, water- efficient scheduling practices, and Xeriscape)Water recycling or reuse measures (Gray water and process recycling systems), and. Methods to reduce water use in HVAC systems. The following list of measures describes the technologies, strategies, and techniques that can be specified in the design phase of a new construction project to reduce facility water use. The measures are commensurate with the U. S. DOE's Federal Energy Management Program's . INSTALLATION AND SERVICE MANUAL Save this manual for future reference. WARNING: If the information in this manual is not followed exactly, a fire or explosion may result causing property damage, personal injury or loss of life. There are enough pages detailing the construction and design of tombstones that they deserve their own section. 3D Tombstones - a short primer on 3D tombstones. Basic Tombstone Instructions - no pictures. Intro: Build Your Own Butler Robot!!! EDIT: More info on my projects check out my new website: narobo.comI also do consulting for robotics, mechatronics, and special effects projects/products. Best Management Practices. Public Information and Education Programs. U. S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program. While not a design specification or technology option, obtaining the participation of building inhabitants in the water conservation program is a key to achieving water use reduction goals, and is often one of the simplest and most cost- effective strategies to employ. One of the first steps in implementing a water conservation program is to train employees on the use of new water- efficient technologies, as well as maintenance staff on O& M procedures; technologies that are not properly used or maintained will not achieve their maximum savings potential. For example, double flushing of ultra- low flush toilets may result in more water consumption than older, conventional devices. The following bullets summarize some of the activities that can be incorporated into a public information and education program: Establish hot line or other reporting mechanisms to report leaks and waste; Place signs on new equipment on how to use; Initiate a suggestion or incentive program; Distribute flyers and pamphlets to increase awareness of the facility's water management plan and educate inhabitants on wise water use practices; and. Develop a display on water management highlighting the practices in use at the facility (i. Xeriscape, ULF toilets, water reuse, etc.) and its resultant savings and benefits and place in a highly visible area of the building. The human factor is critical to obtaining the desired results from water conserving strategies, and development of an information and education campaign can help your facility in making the human factor work in favor of water conservation initiatives. Distribution System Audits, Leak Detection, and Repair. Performance of a water distribution system audit is not limited to existing, aged buildings. Water system leaks can occur in new construction from improper installation of piping and fixtures, or impacts to piping systems during the construction process. Therefore, during the design process it is essential to develop a water budget for the new building, and commission the water distribution system as part of the overall building commissioning process. If estimated water consumption is greater than 1. Contact your local water utility for assistance, as many perform the service for free or a minimal fee. Water system leaks that are not repaired immediately can damage building structures, since even a small leak can result in the loss of large quantities of water over time. In addition, un- repaired leaks will result in increased water bills. Metering of individual facilities is a water saving measure that should be given serious consideration. Water- Efficient Landscaping. Landscaping water usage can easily account for 2. There are three major components to designing a water- efficient landscape for a new facility: 1) reduce the amount of turf and other irrigated areas 2) ensure water- efficient design of irrigation systems, and 3) specify native or climate appropriate landscape materials (Xeriscape). Reducing the amount of turf grass and overall irrigated areas will reduce water consumption and associated costs, and will result in time and dollar savings from mowing, fertilizing, waste removal, and maintenance. Remaining landscape areas that require irrigation should utilize water- efficient irrigation systems (low- flow sprinkler heads, efficient system design and layout, and optimized irrigation schedules and controls) to minimize water use and maximize plant health. Utilizing Xeriscape strategies whenever practicable will save on water, fertilizer, pruning, maintenance, labor, and overall costs. Xeriscape is the use of native or climate appropriate plants that are adapted to the local climate, and thus require less water, are more likely to survive drought conditions, and are more pest and disease tolerant. A complete Xeriscape strategy also considers the climate appropriate plant's growth patterns, maintenance requirements, and their interaction with local climate and soil conditions. Toilets and Urinals. Toilet and urinal flushing typically account for nearly one- third of a building's total water consumption, and this end- use is one of the simplest and lowest cost areas to target for significant water and sewer savings. Federal law requires that commercial toilets manufactured after January 1, 1. GPF) and urinals must use no more than 1 gpf. Some earlier versions of ultra- low flush (ULF) toilets designed to meet this standard did have some operational problems and were prone to clogging or required double flushing. Newer ULF toilets have alleviated these problems, and surveys indicate a consumer satisfaction level of greater than 8. ULF toilet products are offered in three classifications: 1) flush valve, 2) pressure- assisted, and 3) gravity toilets. In general, the flush valve and pressure- assisted ULF toilets perform better than gravity toilets since they use the water system pressure to assist in their operation. ULF urinal products are typically offered in four categories: 1) siphonic jet, 2) washout and washdown, 3) blowout, and 4) waterless. These various ULF product offerings' effectiveness varies widely based upon frequency of usage; some are designed for low volume traffic, others for high volume traffic (see GSA's Water Management Guide(PDF 3. MB) for more information). Waterless urinals have gained widespread acceptance, as they are made of a urine- repellent surface; have no flush handles or moving parts; and virtually require no water. They do utilize a trap containing liquid that separates the urine from indoor environment which requires periodic replacement. Additional savings in the area of toilets and urinals can be achieved by utilizing non- potable water for flushing, or utilizing composting or incinerator toilets where sewer service is not available. Showerheads and Faucets. Federal legislation passed in 1. EPAct) requires that all U. S. Through the specification of water- using fixtures that meet or exceed these standards, significant amounts of water and the associated energy used to heat water can be saved. New showerheads that are designed to the federal standards typically incorporate a narrower spray area and a greater mix of air and water than older showerheads. As a result, less water is used while no discernible difference in quality or comfort is perceivable by the user. Newer models and features of these low- flow showerheads include: 1) atomizers that deliver water in small but abundant droplets that cover larger surface areas, 2) pulsators that vary spray patterns with pauses between spurts or through pulsating between strong flow and light mist, and 3) aerators which mix water droplets with air to cover the desired surface area.
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