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Surveys show that approximately 4. Over 2. 0% of births worldwide result from pregnancies women did not wish to occur. It is estimated that 2. For various reasons they are not using contraception. If all births resulted from women actively intending to conceive, fertility would immediately fall slightly below the replacement level; world population would peak within a few decades and subsequently decline. It is not expensive to help all women to be in fully control of the timing and frequency of their childbearing. The key obstacles are religious, cultural, and political opposition to contraception or the possibility of population decline. More research and a public better educated about sexuality and reproduction could engender a global social movement that would make possible a world of intended pregnancies and births. We have 1. 8 families and no one has more than three children. The health of the children and mothers has improved, and so has the spacing of babies. Vincente Jarrin and Maria Juana Jarrin Malca, Husband and Wife Family Planning Promoters in Pasquazo Zambrano, Ecuador. Population Progress. October 6, 2. 00. A United Nations report says poverty perpetuates and is exacerbated by poor maternal health, gender discrimination, and lack of access to birth control. This holistic view has helped slow the increase in world population. The average family has declined from six children in 1. The world's population is expected to grow by 3. Education and improved health for women and access to contraception are vital. Smaller families are healthier families and improve the prospects of each generation. Since 1. 99. 4 more women have access to education and other rights, and more early- marriage traditions are being opposed. Most countries have laws prohibiting violence against women, female genital mutilation, and other violations of human rights. Even today many are living on a sub- sustainable level, due in part to an uneven distribution of resources, but also because, in many regions, population has outgrown essential resources for that region. When people feel threatened by a hand- to- mouth existence, they are more likely to look towards less- than democratic ways to reduce population, especially if they have the foresight to realize that population growth is like a run- away train, very difficult to slow and stop. However, more and more evidence is showing that the methods that work the best towards reducing population growth, are the methods established by the principles of the Cairo Conference in 1. United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) September 1. Cairo, Egypt), which include: a. Empowering women and girls in the economic, political, and social arenas; b. Removing gender disparities in education; c. Integrating family planning with related efforts to improve maternal and child health; and d. Families and children may receive parent education, budgeting help, crisis intervention, sex abuse treatment, and mental health therapy. When possible (subject to appropriate background checks), children are placed in the care. Diabetic Foot Infections Treatment Diabetes & Alternative Diabetes Treatment World Population Awareness is a non-profit web publication seeking to inform people about overpopulation, unsustainability, and overconsumption; the impacts, including depletion of natural resources, water, oil, soil. At her sentencing, she said she had been “very scared to bring a helpless human being into the world.” In a letter from prison, Schlier writes. Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. For more information about this message, please visit this page: About CDC.gov. Education and parenting articles offer expert tips and information on raising kids. Read educational articles, parenting articles, & more. Removal of 'target' family sizes. Preventing high- risk pregnancies where women have many births, and those that would have ended in unsafe abortion, contraceptive use has reduced the maternal mortality ratio by about 2. The benefits of modern contraceptives to women's health, including non- contraceptive benefits of specific methods, outweigh the risks. In addition, contraception helps lengthen the interval of birth spacing, improving perinatal outcomes and child survival. In developing countries, the risk of prematurity and low birth weight doubles when conception occurs within 6 months of a previous birth, and children born within 2 years of an elder sibling are 6. Greater- than- average risk to maternal, perinatal, and child survival is associated with pregnancies at very young (< 1. In countries of low and middle income an increase in contraceptive use by 1. Prevent Child Abuse America's vision is great childhoods for all children. We help nearly 85,000 families and children thrive every year. Early Development & Well-Being. How the earliest relationships with caregivers make a lasting difference. How early experiences foster neural connections in babies and toddlers. It ties directly to fertility rates and thus quantify the risk of maternal death per woman.*The MMRatio has the same numerator, but is expressed per 1. It also responds to fertility rates, which can affect the proportion of births to women with greater- than- average obstetric risk. MMRatios tend to be raised at parity 1, then become lowered at parities 2- 3, then raised again at 4- 5, and highest at parities greater than 6. Raised maternal mortality risks at high parities have been seen in Pakistan, Senegal, and west Africa.*Lifetime risk of maternal death is the cumulative probability of a woman dying of maternal causes during her reproductive life, and is a measure of pregnancy- related female death. It also ties directly to fertility rates and thus quantify the risk of maternal death per woman. A fall in the number of pregnancies lowers the number of maternal deaths. Maternal mortality risk is affected by the number and timing of pregnancies in a woman's reproductive lifespan, by the presence of comorbidities (other diseases or conditions that may increase the risk), and by obstetric care. Another category of high- risk pregnancies are those that end in unsafe abortion. Singh and colleagues reported that, in 2. In 2. 00. 3 they estimated that 4. Saharan Africa and Latin America since 2. If all children were spaced by a gap of at least 2 years, estimates suggest that the infant mortality rate would fall by about 1. Children born to women younger than 1. The most prevalent method of contraception worldwide is surgical sterilisation. Female sterilisation (tubal sterilisation) and male sterilisation (vasectomy) have immediate surgical risks, but the risks of death and serious morbidity are very small with tubal sterilisation and even lower with vasectomy. Although the risk of pregnancy is low after tubal sterilisation, when pregnancy does occur, it is more likely to be ectopic; however, the absolute risk of ectopic gestation is lower than when no contraception is used. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are the most widely used modern method of reversible contraception. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is very low in women fitted with an IUD who have a low risk for sexually transmitted infections, but women with cervical chlamydial or gonococcal infections who have an IUD are at increased risk. IUDs have been associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer, and a pooled analysis suggests a possible reduced risk of cervical cancer. Levonorgestrel- releasing IUDs reduce menstrual blood loss. As with tubal sterilisation, pregnancies during use are very uncommon, but are more likely to be ectopic when they occur, but the absolute risk is lower than when no method is used. Combined oestrogen- progestogen oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are among the most widely used modern contraceptive methods in many countries and are also among the best studied drugs in history. An analysis of data from a large UK cohort study with long- term follow- up reported that use of OCPs slightly reduces all- cause mortality. OCPs are associated with very low relative and absolute risks of cardiovascular disease in young healthy women who do not smoke, although women aged 3. A pooled analysis showed that OCP users had a raised risk of cervical cancer that increased with duration of use and decreased after cessation of use, with the risk returning to that for never users after 1. A 2. 01. 2 WHO technical consultation concluded that the use of hormonal contraceptive methods by women with HIV or at high risk for HIV should not be restricted, but issued a detailed clarification for women receiving progestogen- only injections because of the inconclusive evidence about risk of HIV infection. Although serious health risks associated with contraception are uncommon, side- effects are common, particularly with the most effective methods. For example, menstrual bleeding abnormalities are a frequent side- effect of hormonal contraceptives and IUDs, and the loss of regular menses might affect the acceptability of these methods in some regions. In general, although side- effects are minor, they can be unacceptable and are the most frequently cited reason for discontinuation. Typically, 3. 0- 5. OCPs or contraceptive injections within 1. By freeing women from an incessant cycle of pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child care, contraception represents a huge step towards greater gender equality. The benefits to families of fewer children, in whom more resources can be invested, and the benefits to societies of reduced fertility and slowed population growth for social and economic advance and preservation of local environments are likewise important. Two independent analyses using different methods came to the same conclusion: elimination of the unmet need for contraception in developing countries would reduce maternal deaths by about 3. This estimate overstates the potential short- term contribution of contraception, because unmet need can never be eliminated; however, it understates the long- term contribution because need for contraception in high- fertility countries will inevitably increase over time. Especially in rural areas with poor health infrastructure, family planning is the most cost- effective and feasible way to reduce maternal deaths because it does not rely on complex technology, unlike some alternative interventions. The relation between spacing and infant survival is well known and frequently given as a compelling reason for investments in family planning. Less well known is the persistence of the effect of short preceding intervals into early childhood (ages 1- 4 years). Moreover, survival chances in early childhood are seriously jeopardised by the birth of a younger sibling within 2 years. This double jeopardy is of huge importance for child health programmes in high fertility countries of sub- Saharan Africa where about 6. Another reason for neglect might be that contraceptive technology is well established and perceived as unexciting. Additionally, emphatic advocacy of family planning is linked to population control, which has become deeply unfashionable. He is the Bahamut emissary to the dragonborn race. Myths speak of the birth of the dragonborn, though they differ. Timing of dragonborn genesis aside, Tiamat and Bahamut were instantly at odds. Templates; Categories. He gifted his most devout followers with the ability to turn themselves into Dragonborn of Bahamut. 3.5's Dragonborn were a racial template. Draconic Aspect: Bahamut has blessed the dragonborn with aspects combining some of the best attributes of good dragons. Topic: Races Handbook. Tier System for D&D 3.5 Races. If they truly function like templates like you say. D&D 3.5 Homebrew Compendium D&D. But Dragonborn Kobolds are so awesome! Their three template trove books seem more useful. Dragonborn of Bahamut . For the 4th Edition race, see Dragonborn. An assortment of dragonborn of Bahamut. Dragonborn of Bahamut. Average Lifespan. Language(s)Average Height. Slightly bigger than original form. They were creatures reborn from good- aligned humanoids who, to show their devotion to Bahamut, willingly took on draconic traits in place of their original biology. Normally it was first heard before adolescence, but sometimes adults heard it as well. Not all those who were called answered, but those who did it underwent the Rite of Rebirth. Those who committed to this demanding ritual meditated for a full day and night, their head filled with reminders of all they were giving up. They had reborn as permanent champions against Tiamat and her spawn. Some were born with the aspect of Heart, and those dragonborn developed the ability to use a dragon breath; other were born with the aspect of Wings, which gave them draconic wings and the ability to fly; and other were blessed with the aspect of Mind, which sharpened their senses and gave them the immunity to sleep and paralysis effects. All dragonborn were also immune to the frightful presence of dragons and had an innate sense of how to defend themselves of attacks from dragons. He wanted to impart this blessing only to those who accepted his calling on their own free will, without tying someone who didn't wanted to be a champion of Bahamut because of the conditions of their birth. The oldest of them lived up to 6. Due to their crusade against the forces of Tiamat, however, most of them died young. Due to the sacrifice they had made, dragonborn had a strong sense of identity with a clear purpose of one with stringent principles. The war against Tiamat encompassed all in the dragonborn lives. Everything they did only furthered this commitment, even if didn't had immediate effects. The Platinum Dragon turned a forgiving eye towards some slightly immoral methods used against Tiamat and her servants, but he didn't condone any form of evil behavior on the part of his children. Bahamut send his aspects to warn those who committed repeated evil acts, and if they were penitent the aspect gave them a quest to redeem themselves. But if evil dragonborn refused to atone for their sins, Bahamut reclaimed back his blessings and the tarnished dragonborn were reverted back to their original race and form. Kestrel, Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, Kolja Raven Liquette (2. Kestrel, Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, Kolja Raven Liquette (2. Kestrel, Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, Kolja Raven Liquette (2. Kestrel, Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, Kolja Raven Liquette (2. Kestrel, Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, Kolja Raven Liquette (2. Boyd, Eytan Bernstein (August 2. Boyd, Eytan Bernstein (August 2. Kestrel, Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, Kolja Raven Liquette (2. Kestrel, Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, Kolja Raven Liquette (2. Boyd, Eytan Bernstein (August 2. Cordell, Ed Greenwood, Chris Sims (August 2. Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 7. Retrieved on 2. 01.
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To obtain the certificate a student will study: Foundations of Sports Law and the Sports Regulatory Regime – a distance learning module led by. Andy Gray (Head of Sports Law programmes at Leicester De Montfort Law School, ASA Judicial Commissioner and Head of Sports Law, BHW Solicitors. This module is studied from September to January). Topics covered: Sports Governing Bodies. ISDE’s Global Sports Law Columbia University Companion Program equips lawyers with the knowledge and experience they need to excel in the field of sports law. The Sports Disciplinary Process. Foundations of Sport and Ethics: Doping Control. Foundations of Commercial Aspects of Sport: Sports Rights. Competition Act and EU Treaty. Anti- Discrimination Laws. Human Rights Act. Data Protection Regulation. Practice Perspectives on Sports Law – this Module runs from September to April. It is supported by a series of lectures held in London venues (London Lectures) and delivered by leading sports law practitioners. A minimum attendance requirement applies to these events and the module is assessed by coursework. The London lectures comprise of four principal subject areas: Section A – Sports Governance. Section B – Commercialisation of Sport. Section C – Integrity in Sport. UCFB's sport business and sports law degree links the commercial and business aspects of the sports industry. Learn more about this degree today. The Sports Lawyers Association. SLA produces a Sports Law Weekly that is emailed to members on current sports law issues of interest. Click here for details. The Tulane Law School Sports Law program provides students with the background necessary to understand and handle problems unique to the sports industry. Arizona State University is launching a new sports law and business program in the fall. The master’s programs are a collaboration between ASU’s O. Section D – Issues for Individual Athletes. One module from the following: The module chosen will run from January to June. If you are enrolled onto the course, you are a De Montfort University student. This means that you will be invited to our Saturday study days (three per year). You will have access for academic purposes to our online databases. You will have ongoing access to the course team who will happily liaise and guide by telephone or electronically. And of course you will have course materials provided by Leicester De Montfort Law School. Note: All modules are subject to change in order to keep content current. Master in International Sports Law. This Master in International Sports Law has been designed for graduates in Law and other people interested in developing their careers in the Sports Law World. The applicants must be able to attend and dedicate one year to the programme as a full- time student. It is also compulsory for all the students to have a a very good command of English language, as this will be the official language of the program and therefore all the lectures will be given in English. NEXT EDITION: JANUARY 2. In addition to all the Institutions, Law firms and Sports Clubs that were already partners of this programme, it has now been enriched with the Academic Stay that will take place at the Wolfson College of Cambridge. During the first part of the programme the Students will travel to Cambridge to receive classes from the best sport law specialists from the United Kingdom, in a College that is known to be the most cosmopolitan of Cambridge University. Wolfson College is one of the 3. Colleges of the University of Cambridge, and the majority of the students are carrying out research towards postgraduate degrees, in particular Ph. Ds, MPhils and Master degrees. During this week the students will have the chance to know from the inside the organization of an English Football Club by visiting one of them. After this time in the United Kingdom the students will receive a certificate of attendance of this Academic time spent in Cambridge University. This new Academic Trip comes in addition to the one that brings our students to Switzerland to visit the most important Sport Organizations, such as the I. O. C., C. A. S/T. A. S, UEFA, FIFA. The program, which duration exceeds 1. During this period, the student attends lectures every day at ISDE Academic Center in Madrid. Students will also attend lectures for a week at Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, UK, as part of the international collaboration program with Cambridge University. They will also make an Institutional Trip to Switzerland to visit the most important Sport Organizations. From 3 to 6 months in one of our collaborating entities. Each student will complete this internship phase at the premises of one of these collaborating entities of the Master, under the conditions and rules set by those entities. For this reason, the schedule for the second phase is subject to further modifications. The Graduation Ceremony takes place in December. The total duration of the program exceeds 1. I. INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS LAW a. General introduction to Sports Law b. Fora for sports dispute resolutiond. Sources of law and the development of Lex Sportivae. Introduction to CAS and its impact in the Lex Sportiva II. INTERSECTION OF SPORTS LAW WITH OTHER AREAS OF LAW a. Civil and criminal liability of athletesd. Financial and economic principles of sports e. EU law in the framework of Sports Law: . Corporate law (M& A) h. Intellectual property law i. Entertainment law III. THE SPORTS MODEL The SPORT ACCORD IV. FOOTBALL GOVERNANCE IN THE WORLD AND EUROPEa. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION a. Sport Dispute Resolution: National and International Levelb. General Introduction to alternative dispute resolution in the international levelc. INTERNATIONAL SPORT DISPUTE RESOLUTION: NATIONAL LEVEL vs. INTERNATIONAL LEVEL: FEDERATIONS AND TAS/CAS a. General Introduction b. Ad Hoc divisions and notable awards. VII. INTERSECTION OF SPORTS LAW AND SWISS LAW IN EUROPE a. Swiss Civil Code and Swiss Code of Obligations b. Swiss Federal Tribunal VIII. WADA and the World Anti- Doping Codeb. Doping and state lawc. SPORTS LAW IN SPAIN a. Regulatory frameworkb. Consejo Superior de Deportesc. SPORTS LAW IN THE UK (COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE) a. Introduction to English law and the Common law in the UKb. Common issues in UK sports lawc. Sports law in the UK v. UK relevant law and sports institutionse. Premier League and the Football Association XI. SPORTS LAW IN THE US a. Introduction to US sports law and US sports model b. Sports law and national identityc. Common issues in US sports law d. Antitrust framework of professional sportse. Dispute resolution in US professional sports f. US amateur sports (NCAA)g. IP issues in US sports XII. SPORTS LAW IN LATIN AMERICA XIII. Boxing and Martial arts – AIBA, WKF, UFC XV. WRITING AND ADVOCACY SKILLS WORKSHOPS MORGANa. Contract drafting and negotiation, including simulation b. FIFA written submissionsc. CAS written submissionsd. Opening and Closing statements e. Direct and cross- examination of witnessesf. Presentation of evidence. XVII. MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS a. Match- fixing and manipulation of resultsc. Agents and Intermediaries *To be spread out throughout the entire academic program. The Academic Program is subject to modifications should ISDE Academic Team or the Director of the Master program consider it appropriated. Mr. Jeffrey Mishkin. USALawyer, Partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP+Mr. Marcos Motta. Brazil. Partner at Bichara & Motta Advogados. Mr. David Wu. China. Lawyer, Partner at Boss & Young Attorneys at Law Shanghai. CAS Arbitrator. Mr. Omar Ongaro. Switzerland. Lawyer, Head of Players’ Status & Governance at FIFAMr. Oliver Luck. USAExecutive Vicepresident of regulatory affairs at NCAAMr. Dennis Koolaard. Netherlands. Attorney at De Kempenaer Advocaten. Mr. Mitch Nathanson. USALawyer,Villanova University. Mr. Ricardo Oliveras. Spain. Partner at . Alessandro Pieralli. Spain. Lawyer, Maluker Advocats. Mr. Luis Alonso. Spain. Lawyer, Partner at Clifford Chance. Mr. Leonardo Andreotti. Brazil. Lawyer, Partner at Andreotti Advocacia Desportiva. Ms. Kaisor Basar. Spain. Solicitor, Interlex Sport. Mr. Andrew Brandt. USALawyer, NFLMr. Manuel Garayo. Spain. Lawyer, Zurdo & Garayo. Mr. Julien Sieveking. Canada. Chief Legal Manager at WADAMr. Dirk- Reiner Martens. Germany. Managing Director of Martens Rechtsanw. Vered Yakovee. USAVice President and Associate General Counsel at Miami HEATMr. Daniel Cravo. Brazil. Partner at Cravo, Pastl, Balbuena. Mr. Robert Pongracz. Romania. Vice President en Liga Profesionista de Fotbal. David Casserly. UK and Switzerland. Barrister. Mr. Rodrigo Arias. Switzerland. Integrity Manager - FIFA Security Division. Mr. Gregory Bloom. USAPartner at Chase Lawyers. Mr. Elisenda Salrach. Spain. Legal Director Euroleague. Mr. William Sternheimer. Switzerland. Deputy Secretary General at Court of Arbitration for Sport. Mr. Oliver Jaberg. Switzerland. Head of Corporate Legal at FIFAMr. Mike Morgan. UKPartner at Morgan Sports Law LLPMr. Ulrich Haas. Switzerland. University of Zurich. Ms. Kimberly Morris. Switzerland. Head of Integrity & Compliance at FIFATMSMr. Jan Kleiner. Switzerland. Senior Associate B. Ariel Reck. Argentina. Sports Lawyer. Mr. Jeff Miller. USALawyer. Ms. Brianna Quinn. Switzerland. Lawyer at L. Kate Porter. USAAssociate Skadden,Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLPMr. Claude Ramoni. Switzerland. Partner at Libra Law. Mr. Wouter Lambrecht. Switzerland. Head of Legal at the European Club Association. Mr. Mario Vigna. Italy. Italian Olympic Committee. Mr. Stephen Bock. Switzerland. Legal Affairs Manager at F. Mark Hovell. UKHead of Sport, Mills & Reeve. Carol Couse. UKConsultant at Mills & Reeve, Head of Latin American Desk. Mr. Nic Coward. UKAdviser. Mr. Dev Kumar Parmar. UKSports Law Adviser/Athlete Representative. Ms. Sarah Ochwada. Kenia. Sports & Entertainment Lawyer, Arbitrator. Mr. Stuart Mc. Innes. UKConsultant Squire Patton Boggs. Mr. Daniel Lorenz. Portugal. Head of Internationalization at FC Porto. Mr. The students are obliged to attend lectures everyday from 0. The 2nd phase takes place as an internship in the Clubs, Sport- related Institutions or Sport- related Companies collaborating with the program. ISDE collaborates and works closely with institutions in the following countries: Spain, Portugal, France, Italia, UK, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Holland, Poland, Czech Republic, Canada, USA, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Panama, Peru, Mexico and Costa Rica. The criteria used to appoint the Institution that will receive the student consists in a detailed case- by- case analysis of the student's academic performance, his/her own personal profile, and the previous acceptation by the receiving institution of that particular student. The selection process developed by ISDE aims to ensure the uniformity of the participants’ level in order to allow them all to perform a similar work rate adapted to the program requirements. Once a candidate has expressed his/her wish to apply for a position in one of ISDE’s Masters and therefore has submitted to ISDE a pre- requested set of personal data, a coordinator within ISDE’s Department of Admissions will be assigned to the candidate. This professional will be the in charge of the following- up along the whole admission process providing the candidate of any requested information as well as solving any doubt that may arise. The stages of the admission process are the following: Phase 1: Candidates must submit to the Department of Admissions- via email- the following documents. Copy of the University Degree. University Degree Transcripts. At least one Recommendation Letter (preferably two) of a person who knows the candidate for professional or academic reasons. In light of all these documents that make up the application request and having verified that the candidate applicant fulfills the basic requirements, he or she will be called to perform a series of written and oral tests. Phase 2: It is held at ISDE’s head office where the candidate will be summoned for the written and oral tests in a single session. Written tests. Technical Skills Knowledge Test . English Proficiency Test Once tests are completed, the candidate has a personal interview with a member of ISDE’s Admissions Department in which academic and professional applicant background will be addressed. After the interview, an Admission Panel composed of one member of the Directorate of ISDE and two members of the Academic Committee of each specific Master will take place. 11/7/2016 Program Project Planning Development And Management Methodologies: full version free software downloadRead NowSoftware development process - Wikipedia. In software engineering, a software development methodology (also known as a system development methodology, software development life cycle, software development process, software process) is a splitting of software development work into distinct phases (or stages) containing activities with the intent of better planning and management. It is often considered a subset of the systems development life cycle. The methodology may include the pre- definition of specific deliverables and artifacts that are created and completed by a project team to develop or maintain an application. Some people consider a life- cycle . For example, there are many specific software development processes that fit the spiral life- cycle model. In practice. One software development methodology framework is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects. Each of the available methodology frameworks are best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project and team considerations. Sometimes, contractors may require methodologies employed, an example is the U. S. The international standard for describing the method of selecting, implementing and monitoring the life cycle for software is ISO/IEC 1. A decades- long goal has been to find repeatable, predictable processes that improve productivity and quality. Some try to systematize or formalize the seemingly unruly task of designing software. Others apply project management techniques to designing software. Large numbers of software projects do not meet their expectations in terms of functionality, cost, or delivery schedule - see List of failed and overbudget custom software projects for some notable examples. Organizations may create a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG), which is the focal point for process improvement. Composed of line practitioners who have varied skills, the group is at the center of the collaborative effort of everyone in the organization who is involved with software engineering process improvement. A particular development team may also agree to programming environment details, such as which integrated development environment is used, and one or more dominant programming paradigms, programming style rules, or choice of specific software libraries or software frameworks. These details are generally not dictated by the choice of model or general methodology. History. According to Elliott (2. SDLC) can be considered to be the oldest formalized methodology framework for building information systems. The main idea of the SDLC has been . The main target of this methodology framework in the 1. Information systems activities revolved around heavy data processing and number crunching routines. Project management; Software development. Software Project Management: Methodologies & Techniques. There exist numerous project management methodologies and techniques in. Project management: The process of planning. Specific examples include: 1. It is notable that since DSDM in 1. RUP have been agile methodologies - yet many organisations, especially governments, still struggle on with pre- agile processes (often waterfall or similar). Approaches. Typically an approach or a combination of approaches is chosen by management or a development team. There are several other models to represent this process. The waterfall model is a sequential development approach, in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through several phases, typically: The first formal description of the method is often cited as an article published by Winston W. The basic principles are. Written documentation is an explicit deliverable of each phase. The waterfall model is a traditional engineering approach applied to software engineering. A strict waterfall approach discourages revisiting and revising any prior phase once it is complete.
It has been widely blamed for several large- scale government projects running over budget, over time and sometimes failing to deliver on requirements due to the Big Design Up Front approach. Except when contractually required, the waterfall model has been largely superseded by more flexible and versatile methodologies developed specifically for software development. See Criticism of Waterfall model. The waterfall model is sometimes taught with the mnemonic A Dance In The Dark Every Monday, representing Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Documentation and Execution, and Maintenance. It provided emphasis in a key area many felt had been neglected by other methodologies: deliberate iterative risk analysis, particularly suited to large- scale complex systems. The basic principles are. The lack of extensive pre- planning generally allows software to be written much faster, and makes it easier to change requirements. The rapid development process starts with the development of preliminary data models and business process models using structured techniques. In the next stage, requirements are verified using prototyping, eventually to refine the data and process models. These stages are repeated iteratively; further development results in . According to Whitten (2. Information Engineering, with prototyping techniques to accelerate software systems development. These tools may include Graphical User Interface (GUI) builders, Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools, Database Management Systems (DBMS), fourth- generation programming languages, code generators, and object- oriented techniques. Key emphasis is on fulfilling the business need, while technological or engineering excellence is of lesser importance. Project control involves prioritizing development and defining delivery deadlines or . If the project starts to slip, emphasis is on reducing requirements to fit the timebox, not in increasing the deadline. Generally includes joint application design (JAD), where users are intensely involved in system design, via consensus building in either structured workshops, or electronically facilitated interaction. Active user involvement is imperative. Iteratively produces production software, as opposed to a throwaway prototype. Produces documentation necessary to facilitate future development and maintenance. Standard systems analysis and design methods can be fitted into this framework. Agile development. The term was coined in the year 2. Agile Manifesto was formulated. Agile software development uses iterative development as a basis but advocates a lighter and more people- centric viewpoint than traditional approaches. Agile processes fundamentally incorporate iteration and the continuous feedback that it provides to successively refine and deliver a software system. There are many agile methodologies, including: Lightweight methodologies. Some of these methodologies are also considered . In extreme programming, the phases are carried out in extremely small (or . The (intentionally incomplete) first pass through the steps might take a day or a week, rather than the months or years of each complete step in the Waterfall model. First, one writes automated tests, to provide concrete goals for development. Next is coding (by programmers working in pairs, a technique known as . Design and architecture emerge from refactoring, and come after coding. The same people who do the coding do design. At this point, the practitioners start again on writing tests for the next most important part of the system. Development is not done through a deliberate strategy or methodology. It is often the result of schedule pressure on the software development team. At some point, testing begins (often late in the development cycle), and the unavoidable bugs must then be fixed - or at least, the most important ones must be fixed - before the product can be shipped. See cowboy coding. Process meta- models. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced CMM. ISO 9. 00. 0 describes standards for a formally organized process to manufacture a product and the methods of managing and monitoring progress. Although the standard was originally created for the manufacturing sector, ISO 9. Like CMMI, certification with ISO 9. ISO/IEC 1. 55. 04. Information technology . This standard is aimed at setting out a clear model for process comparison. SPICE is used much like CMMI. It models processes to manage, control, guide and monitor software development. This model is then used to measure what a development organization or project team actually does during software development. This information is analyzed to identify weaknesses and drive improvement. It also identifies strengths that can be continued or integrated into common practice for that organization or team. Soft systems methodology - a general method for improving management processes. Method engineering - a general method for improving information system processes. Formal methods. Formal methods are most likely to be applied to safety- critical or security- critical software and systems, such as avionics software. Software safety assurance standards, such as DO- 1. B, DO- 1. 78. C, and Common Criteria demand formal methods at the highest levels of categorization. For sequential software, examples of formal methods include the B- Method, the specification languages used in automated theorem proving, RAISE, and the Z notation. In functional programming, property- based testing has allowed the mathematical specification and testing (if not exhaustive testing) of the expected behaviour of individual functions. Research and emerging technologies. The OWL language, based on Description Logic (DL), is an example. There is also work on mapping some version of English (or another natural language) automatically to and from logic, and executing the logic directly. Examples are Attempto Controlled English, and Internet Business Logic, which do not seek to control the vocabulary or syntax. A feature of systems that support bidirectional English- logic mapping and direct execution of the logic is that they can be made to explain their results, in English, at the business or scientific level. We love a new spin on tradition, and these creative idea for wedding programs from The Bridal Detective takes the cake! To see all of their swoon-worth ideas, click here! We found hidden DIY free wedding printables all over the web: free wedding program templates, diy wedding invitation designs, and so much more. I designed my wedding programs on MS Word, bought blank 100 count programs and an elegant basket from Michael's at 50% the cost. OMG 8. 0+ free wedding printables & wedding program templates. Ok, first: do you have the ULTIMATE downloadable printable, the Offbeat Bride Checklist? If not, you should definitely grab that. There are hidden free wedding printables all over the web: downloadable wedding program templates, free DIY wedding invitation designs, patterns, fonts, fingerprint trees, and more. I stumble across them all the time while browsing blogs. But now I'm attempting to compile a MEGA- SUPER- MONDO list of all kinds of free printables and downloadable templates for wedding DIY projects. The thing is, this list isn't even close to being complete. That's where you come in. If you know of any awesome free downloads that you used in your wedding and party planning, let me know in the comments and I'll add it. It will grow like The Blob and consume all our craft projects with it! But if you start to get overwhelmed and need a break? Find and save ideas about Wedding Program Templates on Pinterest, the world's catalogue of ideas.Check out some of these posts: We've got a whole archive FULL of unique wedding programs. Here are a few of our faves: See even more nontraditional wedding programs! Did we miss any good ones? Link your favorite freebie printables in the comments! Passport Programs and CD Favors. I designed our wedding programs to look like passports and had them printed as small double. 5 Common Wedding Program Mistakes. Below are 5 common mistakes to avoid while planning your wedding programs.
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